The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
نوشته و بررسی‌شدهٔ هوش مصنوعی
این درس‌ها را هوش مصنوعی نوشته و بررسی کرده است، و هنوز هیچ معلم عربی آن‌ها را نخوانده است. آیه‌ها، معنی‌هایشان و تحلیل هر واژه از منابعشان گرفته شده‌اند، که هر جا نشان داده می‌شوند نامشان آمده است.
این درس فقط به انگلیسی و بنگالی نوشته شده است، از این رو اینجا به انگلیسی نشان داده می‌شود.
- واژه‌های قرآن که به‌طور کامل شناخته شده‌اند
- ۳۴٫۱٪
- اجزای واژه‌های قرآن که تاکنون آموزش داده شده‌اند
- ۵۹٫۱٪
بر پایهٔ Quranic Arabic Corpus شمرده شده: واژه‌ای به‌طور کامل شناخته است که همهٔ اجزایش آموزش داده شده باشد. این شمارها می‌گویند با کدام واژه‌ها روبه‌رو شده‌اید، نه اینکه چه اندازه می‌فهمید.
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَآن‌گونه که قرآن می‌نویسد: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
ریشه: ق و لشمار در قرآن: ۱۶۱۸
- كَانَآن‌گونه که قرآن می‌نویسد: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
ریشه: ك و نشمار در قرآن: ۱۳۵۸
- جَعَلَآن‌گونه که قرآن می‌نویسد: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
ریشه: ج ع لشمار در قرآن: ۳۴۰
- جَآءَآن‌گونه که قرآن می‌نویسد: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
ریشه: ج ي اشمار در قرآن: ۲۷۸
- عَلِمَآن‌گونه که قرآن می‌نویسد: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
ریشه: ع ل مشمار در قرآن: ۳۸۲
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
واژه‌هایی که پس از این درس به‌طور کامل می‌شناسید نشانه‌گذاری شده‌اند.
و [کافران، پیش از بعثت] همواره می‌گفتند:
Persian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.3این [کافران] مى‌گویند:
Persian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.3[ای پیامبر، به منکرانِ معاد] بگو: «اگر می‌دانید، [بگویید] زمین و هر کس در آن است از آنِ کیست؟»
Persian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.1.3Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
تحلیل واژه‌ها: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)