The root: three letters and what is built on them
What a root is, how a family of words is built on it, and eight words from five roots, one of them given no meaning by the course.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 66.2%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 79.5%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
Most words of Arabic are built on a root: usually three letters, which stay in their order while vowels and other letters are put around them. Stage 1 named a word's root in passing. This stage is about the root and what is built on it. The corpus gives the root of most words, and this lesson teaches you to read it.
The new words
- خَرَجَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَخْرُجُ · ٱخْرُجْ · تَخْرُجُ
went out
Mzizi: خ ر جMara katika Qur’ani: 53
- مَّاتَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: مَاتُ · يَمُوتُ · مِتْ
died
Mzizi: م و تMara katika Qur’ani: 39
- مَوْتKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: مَوْتِ · مَوْتُ · مَوْتَ
death
Mzizi: م و تMara katika Qur’ani: 50
- مَّيِّتKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: مَوْتَىٰ · مَيِّتِ · مَيِّتَ
dead
Mzizi: م و تMara katika Qur’ani: 38
- حَيَوٰةKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: حَيَوٰةِ · حَيَوٰةُ · حَيَوٰةَ
life
Mzizi: ح ي يMara katika Qur’ani: 76
- أَحْيَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يُحْىِۦ · أَحْيَا · يُحْيِي
Hakuna maana inayotolewa hapa: neno hili linabeba dini, na maana yake husomwa katika aya, pamoja na maana iliyo kando yake.
Mzizi: ح ي يMara katika Qur’ani: 51
- كَتَبَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: كُتِبَ · كَتَبَ · كَتَبْ
wrote
Mzizi: ك ت بMara katika Qur’ani: 49
- حَمَلَKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: يَحْمِلُ · تَحْمِلُ · حَمَلْ
carried
Mzizi: ح م لMara katika Qur’ani: 41
One of them, aḥyā, carries the religion in the Qur’ān's use of it: the course gives no meaning of its own for it, and you read it in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.
A root and its pattern
The root k-t-b gives kataba, "wrote". The same letters with i after the first and a long ā after the second give kitāb, from lesson 10. The letters are the root, and what is put around them is the pattern.
- كَتَبَتْwrote
Katabat is kataba with -at, from lesson 6, for a feminine doer: the root k-t-b with a after each letter, then the ending. The corpus gives it the root k-t-b.
The boy wrote a book.
This sentence was written for practice. It has kataba with no ending, and kitāban, and both have the root k-t-b. Here kitāb is an everyday book; in the Qur’ān its meaning is read from the verse.
A family of words
Words of one root often have to do with each other, and one verb can stand behind several nouns. The root m-w-t is the root of three of this lesson's words.
- يَمُوتُdied
Yamūtu is the present of māta, "died": ya- and the root, with its middle letter as a long ū, as in yaqūlu in lesson 17.
- ٱلْthe
- مَوْتَdeath
Al-mawta is al- and mawt, "death", in the accusative. Here the middle letter of the root is said as w.
- وَand
- أَمْوَٰتًاdead
Wa-amwātan is wa and amwāt, a broken plural: the corpus gives it the lemma mayyit, "dead", and marks it masculine plural.
Forms of one root
A root can make more than one verb, as lesson 18 showed. Kharaja, "went out", is of the first form, and akhraja, "brought out", from lesson 18, is of form IV. Both have the root kh-r-j.
- يَخْرُجُwent out
Yakhruju is the present of kharaja.
The root ḥ-y-y is the root of aḥyā, of form IV, and of ḥayāh, "life".
- وَand
- أَحْيَا
Wa-aḥyā is wa and aḥyā: the corpus marks it form IV, with the root ḥ-y-y.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- حَيَاتِlife
- ىme, my; I (as the doer of a verb)
Li-ḥayātī is li, then ḥayāh, then ī, "my". Before a pronoun the -ah of a feminine noun is said -at.
A root is a help and not a meaning
Knowing a root helps you to see that two words are of one family. It does not tell you what a word means: a word's meaning is what its use shows, and the table gives it where the course may. A word of the Qur’ān is read with the edition's meaning beside it.
- يَحْمِلُcarried
Yaḥmilu is the present of ḥamala, with the root ḥ-m-l. The root shows that the two are one verb; "carried" comes from the table.
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Je, sisi hatutakufa?
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Kwa hakika wewe utakufa, na wao watakufa.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Na tulikuwa tukiikanusha Siku ya Malipo.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- How many letters has a root, as a rule?
- Which root have māta and mawt?
- What are the letters of the root around which kitāb is built?
Answers: three; m-w-t; k-t-b.
Next
The next lesson teaches the first form of the verb, and the vowels its past and its present take.
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)