The first verbs: said, was, made, came and knew
Five of the commonest verbs of the Qur’ān, and how a verb in its past form tells you who did the action.
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- Erayada Qur’aanka ee si buuxda loo yaqaan
- 34.1%
- Qaybaha erayada Qur’aanka ee la baray ilaa hadda
- 59.1%
Waxaa laga tiriyey Quranic Arabic Corpus: eray si buuxda ayaa loo yaqaan marka qayb kasta oo ka mid ah la baray. Tirooyinku waxay sheegayaan erayada aad la kulantay, ma aha inta aad fahantay.
The first five lessons taught the small words that hold a sentence together. This one teaches five verbs, among the commonest words of the Qur’ān: "said", "was", "made", "came" and "knew".
The new words
- قَالَSida Qur’aanku u qoro: قَالَ · قَالُ · قُلْ
say (qāla: he said)
Xididka: ق و لInta jeer ee uu Qur’aanka ku jiro: 1618
- كَانَSida Qur’aanku u qoro: كَانَ · كَانُ · كُن
be (kāna: he was)
Xididka: ك و نInta jeer ee uu Qur’aanka ku jiro: 1358
- جَعَلَSida Qur’aanku u qoro: جَعَلْ · جَعَلَ · يَجْعَلُ
make, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
Xididka: ج ع لInta jeer ee uu Qur’aanka ku jiro: 340
- جَآءَSida Qur’aanku u qoro: جَآءَ · جَآءَتْ · جِئْ
come (jāʾa: he came)
Xididka: ج ي اInta jeer ee uu Qur’aanka ku jiro: 278
- عَلِمَSida Qur’aanku u qoro: يَعْلَمُ · تَعْلَمُ · ٱعْلَمُ
know (ʿalima: he knew)
Xididka: ع ل مInta jeer ee uu Qur’aanka ku jiro: 382
A verb is named by its simplest form: the past, with "he" as the one who did it. So qāla is "he said", and stands in the table for every form of the verb, "says" and "say!" among them. Each lemma's root is three letters, and the next stage of the course is about what a root does.
The past form
A verb in the past form tells you who did the action by its ending. With no ending, the doer is "he".
- قَالُsay (qāla: he said)
- وا۟they (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Qālū is qāla with ū, the pronoun "they" from the second lesson, as the doer: "they said". The corpus marks the verb as perfect, its name for the past form.
- وَand
- جَعَلْmake, place, set (jaʿala: he made)
- نَاwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Wa-jaʿalnā is wa, "and", then jaʿal, "made", then nā, "we": "and we made". The pronoun that is the doer of a past verb is written as part of it.
She
- فَso, then, and so
- كَانَتْbe (kāna: he was)
Fa-kānat is fa, "so", and kānat, "she was" or "it was". The -at ending says that the doer is feminine: "she", for a woman or for a thing the language calls feminine. The corpus does not divide it off as a pronoun, as it does ū and nā: it keeps it as part of the verb, and marks the verb third person, feminine, singular.
A verb with an object
- جَآءَcome (jāʾa: he came)
- هُhim, his; it, its
Jāʾahu is jāʾa, "came", and hu, "him": "came to him". Here the pronoun is not the doer but the one the action reaches.
In a sentence
The boy came.
This sentence was written for practice. Jāʾa l-waladu, "the boy came": in Arabic the verb usually comes first, and the doer after it.
The house was big.
Kāna, "was", has its own way: the word after its subject takes the accusative ending, kabīran.
Reading
Erayada aad si buuxda u taqaan casharkan kadib waa la calaamadeeyey.
167. Waxayna (gaaladu) odhan jireen:
Somali Translation - Abdullah Hasan Yaqoub · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.2634. Kuwaasi (gaaladu) waxay yidhaahdaan:
Somali Translation - Abdullah Hasan Yaqoub · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.2684. Dheh: “Yaa leh dhulka iyo waxa ku sugan, haddaad garaneysaan?!’’
Somali Translation - Abdullah Hasan Yaqoub · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.26Recall
- What is the doer of qālū?
- How is "we made" written?
- What does the ending -at on kānat say?
Answers: "they", the pronoun ū; jaʿalnā; that the doer is feminine: "she", or a thing the language calls feminine.
Next
The next lesson teaches the present form of the verb, and the letter that makes it future.
Falanqaynta erayada: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)