You, we and they, and the dual
The pronouns that stand on their own as the subject of a sentence, and how Arabic speaks of two.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 45.5%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 67%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
Lesson 5 taught huwa, "he", and hum, "they", standing on their own. This lesson teaches the others the Qur’ān uses most: "you", one man and more than two, and "we". It also teaches the dual: Arabic has a number of its own for two.
The new words
- أَنتَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَنتَ
you (one man)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 81
- أَنتُمْYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: أَنتُمْ
you (more than two)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 102
- نَحْنُYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: نَحْنُ
we
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 76
- هُمYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: هُم
they
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 148
- هُمَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: هُمَا · هُمَآ · هِمَا
they two, the two of them
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 101
- كُمَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: كُمَا · انِ · ا
you two
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 98
- اYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: ا · هُمَا · انِ
they two, the two of them (men, or things called masculine)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 115
A sentence with no verb
A pronoun standing on its own is most often the subject of its sentence. Where what is said of it is a noun or a phrase, the sentence has no verb: "you are …", "we are …". Arabic needs no word for "is" in such a sentence.
- أَنتَyou (one man)
Anta is "you", one man, standing on its own.
- أَنتُمْyou (more than two)
Antum is "you", more than two.
The table counts hum apart from lesson 5's hum: in some places the muṣḥaf writes it without the mark of a silent letter (the sukūn) on its m, and the corpus counts each spelling as a unit of its own. They are the same pronoun, and this hum comes after li, as in lesson 12, more often than it stands on its own: lahum, "for them".
Two
For two people or things, Arabic uses the dual. A pronoun of the dual ends in -ā: humā, "the two of them", kumā, "you two".
- بَيْنَbetween
- هُمَاthey two, the two of them
Baynahumā is bayna, "between", from lesson 8, and humā, "the two of them".
A verb whose doer is two ends in -ā as well in the past, and in -āni in the present; the corpus divides these endings off as pronouns of the dual. A noun in the dual ends in -āni, or -ayni in the genitive and accusative.
In a sentence
We are here.
This sentence was written for practice. Naḥnu hunā: "we", then "here", and no verb between them.
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
Waɗanda Muka bã su littãfi daga gabãninsa (Alƙur'ãni), su mãsu ĩmãni ne da shi.[1]
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Sa'an nan a ce: "Wannan shi ne abin da kuka kasance kuna ƙaryatãwa game da shi."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2"Lalle wannan, shi ne abin da kuka kasance kunã shakka game da shi."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- Does a sentence like "we are here" need a verb in Arabic?
- What is "you" for more than two?
- How does a pronoun of the dual end?
Answers: no; antum; in -ā, as humā.
Next
The next lesson teaches "those", "after", "at", "with", "some", "other than", "until" and "below", and the noun after them.
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)