O, like, surely, and they (women)

This lesson teaches four small parts that join a word, each with its own work, and two nouns, kitāb and al-ḥaqq. Both carry the religion in the Qur’ān's use of them: the course gives no meaning of its own for either, and you read them in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.

The new words

Calling: O

Yā, "O", stands before the one called. The Qur’ān's spelling joins it to the front of that word, and it is often followed by ayyuhā.

The corpus divides yā-ayyuhā into yā, which it marks as a particle of calling, and ayyuhā.

Like

Ka-, "like", is joined to the front of its noun, and the noun takes the genitive ending, as after a preposition.

Ka-l-farāshi is ka, "like", then al-, then farāsh, in the genitive. The last lesson's verse had this word.

Surely: -nna

A verb can be made certain by la- in front and -nna at the end.

La-tarawunna is la, the lām of the first lesson in its use as "surely", then tarawu, "you see", the present of raʾā, then -nna. The corpus marks both la- and -nna as emphasis: "you will surely see".

They, women

-na and -hunna are "they" and "them" for women, and for things the language calls feminine. After an i, -hunna is written -hinna, as -hum becomes -him.

The corpus divides off the -na at the end of this verb as the pronoun of the feminine plural: it is the doer.

In a sentence

This sentence was written for practice. Yā waladu, "O boy": the one called is one particular boy, named by a noun with no al-, and that noun ends in u, with no n. Everyday spelling writes yā as a word of its own. Kitābuka is kitāb with ka, "your". Here kitāb is an everyday book; in the Qur’ān its meaning is read from the verse.

Reading

واژه‌هایی که پس از این درس به‌طور کامل می‌شناسید نشانه‌گذاری شده‌اند.

Recall

• What does the corpus call yā?
• What ending does a noun take after ka-?
• Which two parts make la-tarawunna certain?

Answers: a particle of calling; the genitive; la- at the front and -nna at the end.

Next

The next lesson teaches the command: the form of a verb that tells someone to do something.