No, not, indeed, except and that
The small words that deny, that give a sentence weight, and that join one sentence to another: eight of the commonest words of the Qur’ān.
Imeandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI
Masomo haya yameandikwa na kukaguliwa na AI, na bado hakuna mwalimu wa Kiarabu aliyeyasoma. Aya, maana zake na uchambuzi wa kila neno vimechukuliwa kutoka vyanzo vyake, ambavyo vinatajwa pale vinapoonyeshwa.
Somo hili limeandikwa kwa Kiingereza na Kibengali tu, kwa hiyo linaonyeshwa hapa kwa Kiingereza.
- Maneno ya Qur’ani yanayojulikana kikamilifu
- 23.5%
- Sehemu za maneno ya Qur’ani zilizofundishwa hadi sasa
- 52.3%
Yamehesabiwa kutoka Quranic Arabic Corpus: neno linajulikana kikamilifu kila sehemu yake ikishafundishwa. Hesabu hizi zinaonyesha maneno uliyokutana nayo, si kiasi unachoelewa.
This lesson teaches eight short words that change what a sentence says. Some deny it ("no", "not", "did not"), two give it weight ("indeed", "surely"), one leaves something out ("except"), and some join one sentence to another ("if", "that").
The new words
- لَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: لَا · لَّا · لَآ
no, not; do not
Mara katika Qur’ani: 1738
- مَاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: مَا · مَآ · مَّا
what, that which; not
Mara katika Qur’ani: 2565
- إِنّKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: إِنَّ · إِنِّ · ءِنَّ
indeed, truly (it opens a sentence and gives it weight)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 1682
- إِنKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: إِن · إِنْ · ئِن
if; not (in some sentences)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 697
- إِلَّاKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: إِلَّا · إِلَّآ
except, but, only
Mara katika Qur’ani: 663
- أَنKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: أَن · أَنْ · أَ
that; to (before a verb)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 625
- قَدKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: قَدْ · قَدِ · قَد
surely, already (before a verb)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 406
- لَمKama Qur’ani inavyoliandika: لَمْ · لَّمْ · لَمَّا
did not (before a present verb, it denies the past)
Mara katika Qur’ani: 353
Saying no
Lā is "no" and "not". Before a noun it can deny that there is any of a thing at all.
Hiki ni Kitabu kisichokuwa na shaka yoyote ndani yake; ni uongofu kwa wacha Mungu.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5In this verse lā stands before a noun with no article, and the noun ends in a: that is how Arabic says that there is none of something.
Mā is more than one word in one spelling. Most often it means "that which" or "what", and often it means "not". The corpus gives them all the same lemma, and marks which it is in each verse.
Did not
Lam stands before a verb in its present form, and the sentence then denies the past: not "does not", but "did not".
- لَمْdid not (before a present verb, it denies the past)
Hakuzaa wala hakuzaliwa.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5This verse has lam twice, the second time joined to wa, "and", from the first lesson.
Indeed
Inna opens a sentence and gives it weight. The noun or pronoun after it takes the ending of the accusative case, and a pronoun is written as one word with it.
- إِنَّindeed, truly (it opens a sentence and gives it weight)
- آwe (as the doer of a verb); us, our
Innā is inna and nā, "we", from the second lesson. The corpus writes the pronoun's part as a long ā alone: the word has only the doubled n of inna.
In, with no doubled n, is another word: "if", and in some sentences "not". Illā is "except" or "only", and an is "that", or "to" before a verb. Qad stands before a verb and makes it certain: the corpus calls it a particle of certainty. In the Qur’ān it stands almost always before a verb in its past form, where it says the thing has surely happened: "has surely", "has already".
In a sentence
I do not know.
This sentence was written for practice. Lā stands before a verb in its present form and denies it: "I do not know".
Reading
Maneno unayoyajua kikamilifu baada ya somo hili yamewekewa alama.
Na si juu yako kama hakutakasika.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Hakika wewe ni miongoni mwa waliotumwa.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Basi hakika nyinyi na mnaowaabudu.
Swahili Translation - Rowad Translation Center · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.5Recall
- How does lam change the sense of a present verb?
- What ending does the noun after inna take?
- What are the two senses of mā this lesson names?
Answers: it denies the past, "did not"; the accusative; "what, that which" and "not".
Next
The next lesson teaches the words for "who", "which", "this", "that", "he" and "they", and how a question is asked.
Uchambuzi wa maneno: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)