The present form of the verb, and the future
How a verb in its present form begins with a letter that tells you who acts, and how one letter in front of it makes it future.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 35.4%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 60.1%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
The past form of a verb tells you who acted by its ending. The present form tells you mostly by its beginning: a letter in front of the root. This lesson teaches that, four more common verbs, and the letter sa-, which turns the present into the future.
The new words
- عَمِلَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: تَعْمَلُ · عَمِلُ · يَعْمَلُ
do, work (ʿamila: he did)
Tushe: ع م لAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 276
- رَءَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: يَرَ · تَرَ · رَءَيْ
see (raʾā: he saw)
Tushe: ر ا يAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 271
- أَتَىYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: يَأْتِي · يَأْتِ · أَتَىٰ
come, come to, bring (atā: he came)
Tushe: ا ت يAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 264
- آتَىYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: ءَاتَيْ · أُوتُ · ءَاتَىٰ
give (ātā: he gave)
Tushe: ا ت يAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 271
- سَ
will (before a present verb, it speaks of what is to come)
Adadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 119
The letter in front
In the present form, the first letter says who does the action:
- ya- is "he", and with -ūna at the end, "they";
- ta- is "you", and also "she";
- a- is "I";
- na- is "we".
- يَرَىٰsee (raʾā: he saw)
Yarā is "he sees": ya- in front of the verb raʾā, "saw", whose hamzah (the middle letter of the root r-ʾ-y) drops out in this form. The corpus marks the verb as imperfect, its name for the present form, and third person, masculine, singular.
- فَso, then, and so
- تَأْتُcome, come to, bring (atā: he came)
- ونَyou, your (more than two)
Fa-taʾtūna is fa, "so", then taʾtu, "come", with ta- in front for "you", then ūna, the plural "you" of the second lesson. The corpus marks the verb second person, masculine, plural, and divides ūna off as the doer.
The future
Sa-, joined to the front of a present verb, says the action is still to come.
- سَwill (before a present verb, it speaks of what is to come)
- يَعْلَمُknow (ʿalima: he knew)
- ونَthey (as the doer of a verb); them, their
Sa-yaʿlamūna is sa, "will", then yaʿlamu, "know", the present of ʿalima from the last lesson, then ūna, "they": "they will know". You know every part of this word.
Giving
- يُؤْتِىgive (ātā: he gave)
Yuʾtī is the present of ātā, "gave". Its first vowel is u, not a: the corpus marks ātā as form IV, a pattern of the verb that the next stage of the course teaches.
In a sentence
I see the sky.
This sentence was written for practice. Arā, "I see": a-, "I", in front of the verb.
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
Daga abin da suka kasance sunã aikatãwa.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Ya ce: "Kuma bã ni da sani ga abin da suka kasance sanã aikatãwa."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Suka ce: "Lalle kũ, kun kasance kunã jẽ mana daga wajen dãma (inda muka amince)."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- Which letter in front of a present verb means "we"?
- What does sa- do?
- In yarā, who sees?
Answers: na-; it makes the verb future; "he".
Next
The next lesson teaches "every", "thing", "between", "before", "then", "or", "when" and "that", and how two nouns are joined so that one belongs to the other.
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)