The root: three letters and what is built on them
What a root is, how a family of words is built on it, and eight words from five roots, one of them given no meaning by the course.
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Pelajaran ini hanya ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa Bengali, jadi ia dipaparkan di sini dalam bahasa Inggeris.
- Perkataan al-Quran yang diketahui sepenuhnya
- 66.2%
- Bahagian perkataan al-Quran yang sudah diajarkan
- 79.5%
Dikira daripada Quranic Arabic Corpus: sesuatu perkataan diketahui sepenuhnya apabila setiap bahagiannya sudah diajarkan. Bilangan ini menunjukkan perkataan yang telah anda temui, bukan sejauh mana anda memahaminya.
Most words of Arabic are built on a root: usually three letters, which stay in their order while vowels and other letters are put around them. Stage 1 named a word's root in passing. This stage is about the root and what is built on it. The corpus gives the root of most words, and this lesson teaches you to read it.
The new words
- خَرَجَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: يَخْرُجُ · ٱخْرُجْ · تَخْرُجُ
went out
Kata akar: خ ر جKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 53
- مَّاتَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: مَاتُ · يَمُوتُ · مِتْ
died
Kata akar: م و تKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 39
- مَوْتSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: مَوْتِ · مَوْتُ · مَوْتَ
death
Kata akar: م و تKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 50
- مَّيِّتSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: مَوْتَىٰ · مَيِّتِ · مَيِّتَ
dead
Kata akar: م و تKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 38
- حَيَوٰةSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: حَيَوٰةِ · حَيَوٰةُ · حَيَوٰةَ
life
Kata akar: ح ي يKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 76
- أَحْيَاSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: يُحْىِۦ · أَحْيَا · يُحْيِي
Tiada makna diberikan di sini: perkataan ini membawa agama, dan maknanya dibaca dalam ayat-ayat, dengan makna di sebelahnya.
Kata akar: ح ي يKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 51
- كَتَبَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: كُتِبَ · كَتَبَ · كَتَبْ
wrote
Kata akar: ك ت بKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 49
- حَمَلَSeperti yang ditulis al-Quran: يَحْمِلُ · تَحْمِلُ · حَمَلْ
carried
Kata akar: ح م لKekerapan dalam al-Quran: 41
One of them, aḥyā, carries the religion in the Qur’ān's use of it: the course gives no meaning of its own for it, and you read it in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.
A root and its pattern
The root k-t-b gives kataba, "wrote". The same letters with i after the first and a long ā after the second give kitāb, from lesson 10. The letters are the root, and what is put around them is the pattern.
- كَتَبَتْwrote
Katabat is kataba with -at, from lesson 6, for a feminine doer: the root k-t-b with a after each letter, then the ending. The corpus gives it the root k-t-b.
The boy wrote a book.
This sentence was written for practice. It has kataba with no ending, and kitāban, and both have the root k-t-b. Here kitāb is an everyday book; in the Qur’ān its meaning is read from the verse.
A family of words
Words of one root often have to do with each other, and one verb can stand behind several nouns. The root m-w-t is the root of three of this lesson's words.
- يَمُوتُdied
Yamūtu is the present of māta, "died": ya- and the root, with its middle letter as a long ū, as in yaqūlu in lesson 17.
- ٱلْthe
- مَوْتَdeath
Al-mawta is al- and mawt, "death", in the accusative. Here the middle letter of the root is said as w.
- وَand
- أَمْوَٰتًاdead
Wa-amwātan is wa and amwāt, a broken plural: the corpus gives it the lemma mayyit, "dead", and marks it masculine plural.
Forms of one root
A root can make more than one verb, as lesson 18 showed. Kharaja, "went out", is of the first form, and akhraja, "brought out", from lesson 18, is of form IV. Both have the root kh-r-j.
- يَخْرُجُwent out
Yakhruju is the present of kharaja.
The root ḥ-y-y is the root of aḥyā, of form IV, and of ḥayāh, "life".
- وَand
- أَحْيَا
Wa-aḥyā is wa and aḥyā: the corpus marks it form IV, with the root ḥ-y-y.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- حَيَاتِlife
- ىme, my; I (as the doer of a verb)
Li-ḥayātī is li, then ḥayāh, then ī, "my". Before a pronoun the -ah of a feminine noun is said -at.
A root is a help and not a meaning
Knowing a root helps you to see that two words are of one family. It does not tell you what a word means: a word's meaning is what its use shows, and the table gives it where the course may. A word of the Qur’ān is read with the edition's meaning beside it.
- يَحْمِلُcarried
Yaḥmilu is the present of ḥamala, with the root ḥ-m-l. The root shows that the two are one verb; "carried" comes from the table.
Reading
Perkataan yang anda ketahui sepenuhnya selepas pelajaran ini ditandakan.
(Kemudian ia berkata kepada rakan-rakanya yang sedang menikmati kesenangan di Syurga bersama): “Bukankah kita (setelah mendapat nikmat-nikmat ini) tidak akan mati lagi, -
Malay Translation - Abdullah Basumayyah · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.0Sesungguhnya engkau (wahai Muhammad) akan mati, dan sesungguhnya mereka juga akan mati.
Malay Translation - Abdullah Basumayyah · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.0“Dan kami sentiasa mendustakan hari pembalasan,
Malay Translation - Abdullah Basumayyah · QuranEnc.com · version 1.0.0Recall
- How many letters has a root, as a rule?
- Which root have māta and mawt?
- What are the letters of the root around which kitāb is built?
Answers: three; m-w-t; k-t-b.
Next
The next lesson teaches the first form of the verb, and the vowels its past and its present take.
Analisis perkataan: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)