The root: three letters and what is built on them
What a root is, how a family of words is built on it, and eight words from five roots, one of them given no meaning by the course.
AI ne ya rubuta kuma ya duba
AI ne ya rubuta waɗannan darussa kuma ya duba su, kuma har yanzu babu wani malamin Larabci da ya karanta su. Ayoyin, da ma’anoninsu da nazarin kowace kalma an ɗauko su daga tushensu, waɗanda aka ambata a inda aka nuna su.
An rubuta wannan darasi da Turanci da Bengali kawai, don haka ana nuna shi a nan da Turanci.
- Kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka sani gaba ɗaya
- 66.2%
- Sassan kalmomin Alƙur’ani da aka koyar zuwa yanzu
- 79.5%
An ƙidaya daga Quranic Arabic Corpus: an san kalma gaba ɗaya idan an koyar da kowane sashe nata. Ƙididdigar tana faɗin kalmomin da kuka haɗu da su, ba yawan abin da kuka fahimta ba.
Most words of Arabic are built on a root: usually three letters, which stay in their order while vowels and other letters are put around them. Stage 1 named a word's root in passing. This stage is about the root and what is built on it. The corpus gives the root of most words, and this lesson teaches you to read it.
The new words
- خَرَجَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: يَخْرُجُ · ٱخْرُجْ · تَخْرُجُ
went out
Tushe: خ ر جAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 53
- مَّاتَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: مَاتُ · يَمُوتُ · مِتْ
died
Tushe: م و تAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 39
- مَوْتYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: مَوْتِ · مَوْتُ · مَوْتَ
death
Tushe: م و تAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 50
- مَّيِّتYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: مَوْتَىٰ · مَيِّتِ · مَيِّتَ
dead
Tushe: م و تAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 38
- حَيَوٰةYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: حَيَوٰةِ · حَيَوٰةُ · حَيَوٰةَ
life
Tushe: ح ي يAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 76
- أَحْيَاYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: يُحْىِۦ · أَحْيَا · يُحْيِي
Ba a ba da ma’ana a nan ba: wannan kalma tana ɗauke da addini, kuma ana karanta ma’anarta a cikin ayoyi, tare da ma’ana a gefensu.
Tushe: ح ي يAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 51
- كَتَبَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: كُتِبَ · كَتَبَ · كَتَبْ
wrote
Tushe: ك ت بAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 49
- حَمَلَYadda Alƙur’ani ke rubuta ta: يَحْمِلُ · تَحْمِلُ · حَمَلْ
carried
Tushe: ح م لAdadin fitowarta a Alƙur’ani: 41
One of them, aḥyā, carries the religion in the Qur’ān's use of it: the course gives no meaning of its own for it, and you read it in the verses, with the edition's meaning beside them.
A root and its pattern
The root k-t-b gives kataba, "wrote". The same letters with i after the first and a long ā after the second give kitāb, from lesson 10. The letters are the root, and what is put around them is the pattern.
- كَتَبَتْwrote
Katabat is kataba with -at, from lesson 6, for a feminine doer: the root k-t-b with a after each letter, then the ending. The corpus gives it the root k-t-b.
The boy wrote a book.
This sentence was written for practice. It has kataba with no ending, and kitāban, and both have the root k-t-b. Here kitāb is an everyday book; in the Qur’ān its meaning is read from the verse.
A family of words
Words of one root often have to do with each other, and one verb can stand behind several nouns. The root m-w-t is the root of three of this lesson's words.
- يَمُوتُdied
Yamūtu is the present of māta, "died": ya- and the root, with its middle letter as a long ū, as in yaqūlu in lesson 17.
- ٱلْthe
- مَوْتَdeath
Al-mawta is al- and mawt, "death", in the accusative. Here the middle letter of the root is said as w.
- وَand
- أَمْوَٰتًاdead
Wa-amwātan is wa and amwāt, a broken plural: the corpus gives it the lemma mayyit, "dead", and marks it masculine plural.
Forms of one root
A root can make more than one verb, as lesson 18 showed. Kharaja, "went out", is of the first form, and akhraja, "brought out", from lesson 18, is of form IV. Both have the root kh-r-j.
- يَخْرُجُwent out
Yakhruju is the present of kharaja.
The root ḥ-y-y is the root of aḥyā, of form IV, and of ḥayāh, "life".
- وَand
- أَحْيَا
Wa-aḥyā is wa and aḥyā: the corpus marks it form IV, with the root ḥ-y-y.
- لِfor, to, belonging to; so that (before a verb); surely (in some sentences)
- حَيَاتِlife
- ىme, my; I (as the doer of a verb)
Li-ḥayātī is li, then ḥayāh, then ī, "my". Before a pronoun the -ah of a feminine noun is said -at.
A root is a help and not a meaning
Knowing a root helps you to see that two words are of one family. It does not tell you what a word means: a word's meaning is what its use shows, and the table gives it where the course may. A word of the Qur’ān is read with the edition's meaning beside it.
- يَحْمِلُcarried
Yaḥmilu is the present of ḥamala, with the root ḥ-m-l. The root shows that the two are one verb; "carried" comes from the table.
Reading
An sa alama a kan kalmomin da kuka sani gaba ɗaya bayan wannan darasi.
"Shin fa, ba mu zama mãsu mutuwa ba."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Lalle kai mai mutuwa ne, kuma su mã lalle mãsu mutuwa ne.
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2"Mun kasance munã ƙaryata rãnar sãkamako."
Hausa Translation - Abu Bakr Jumi · QuranEnc.com · version 1.2.2Recall
- How many letters has a root, as a rule?
- Which root have māta and mawt?
- What are the letters of the root around which kitāb is built?
Answers: three; m-w-t; k-t-b.
Next
The next lesson teaches the first form of the verb, and the vowels its past and its present take.
Nazarin kalmomi: Quranic Arabic Corpus 0.4 (Kais Dukes)